What Is The Chemistry Makeup Of Aloe Vera Gel For Skin
Molecules. 2008 Aug; thirteen(viii): 1599–1616.
Composition and Applications of Aloe vera Leafage Gel
Received 2008 May 28; Accepted 2008 Jul 25.
Abstract
Many of the health benefits associated with Aloe vera accept been attributed to the polysaccharides independent in the gel of the leaves. These biological activities include promotion of wound healing, antifungal action, hypoglycemic or antidiabetic furnishings anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory and gastroprotective properties. While the known biological activities of A. vera will be briefly discussed, it is the aim of this review to further highlight recently discovered effects and applications of the leaf gel. These effects include the potential of whole leaf or inner fillet gel liquid preparations of A. vera to heighten the abdominal absorption and bioavailability of co-administered compounds as well every bit enhancement of pare permeation. In addition, important pharmaceutical applications such as the apply of the dried A. vera gel powder as an excipient in sustained release pharmaceutical dosage forms will be outlined.
Keywords: Aloe vera, biological activities, assimilation enhancement, skin permeation, excipient
Introduction
Polysaccharides are constitute in abundance in Nature and are readily bachelor from sources such as algae (e.g. alginates), plants (e.g. pectin, guar gum, mannan), microbes (east.m. dextran, xanthan gum) and animals (e.g. chitosan, chondroitin) and they can besides be produced by ways of recombinant DNA techniques. Monosaccharide polymers have many favourable properties such as loftier stability, non-toxicity, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, gel forming properties and ease of chemical modification [one,ii]. An enormous diversity in plant polysaccharide structural limerick exists, which is not only associated with different plants, only also with the role of the found that they originate from, such equally the leaves, seeds, roots and tubers. The complexity and variety of polysaccharides tin be explained by two unique structural features: firstly monosaccharides tin can be linked together in different ways (i→2, one→3, 1→four, 1→5 and ane→half dozen, in an α- or β-configuration) and secondly, due to the presence of branched side-chains [3].
Complex carbohydrates obtained from natural sources such as plants accept shown various biological activities such equally wound healing, enhancement of the reticuloendothelial system, stimulation of the allowed organisation, treatment of tumours and effects on the hematopoietic system [four]. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a perennial delicious xerophyte, which develops water storage tissue in the leaves to survive in dry out areas of low or erratic rainfall. The innermost part of the leaf is a articulate, soft, moist and glace tissue that consists of big thin-walled parenchyma cells in which water is held in the form of a gummy gum [five]. Therefore, the thick fleshy leaves of aloe plants incorporate non only cell wall carbohydrates such as cellulose and hemicellulose but also storage carbohydrates such as acetylated mannans [three].
A. vera has been used for many centuries for its curative and therapeutic backdrop and although over 75 active ingredients from the inner gel have been identified, therapeutic effects have non been correlated well with each individual component [6]. Many of the medicinal furnishings of aloe leaf extracts have been attributed to the polysaccharides found in the inner leaf parenchymatous tissue [7,8], but it is believed that these biological activities should be assigned to a synergistic action of the compounds contained therein rather than a single chemical substance [9].
A. vera is the most commercialised aloe species and processing of the foliage pulp has become a big worldwide manufacture. In the food industry, it has been used as a source of functional foods and as an ingredient in other nutrient products, for the production of gel-containing health drinks and beverages. In the cosmetic and toiletry industry, it has been used equally base textile for the production of creams, lotions, soaps, shampoos, facial cleansers and other products.
In the pharmaceutical manufacture, it has been used for the manufacture of topical products such equally ointments and gel preparations, also as in the production of tablets and capsules [ten,11]. Important pharmaceutical backdrop that have recently been discovered for both the A. vera gel and whole foliage extract include the power to improve the bioavailability of co-administered vitamins in human subjects [12]. Due to its assimilation enhancing effects, A. vera gel may be employed to effectively deliver poorly absorbable drugs through the oral route of drug administration. Furthermore, the dried powder obtained from A. vera gel was successfully used to industry directly compressible matrix blazon tablets. These matrix type tablets slowly released a model compound over an extended period of time and thereby showing potential to exist used as an excipient in modified release dosage forms [13].
Aloe vera leaf composition
Structural composition
The aloe leaf can exist divided into 2 major parts, namely the outer dark-green rind, including the vascular bundles, and the inner colourless parenchyma containing the aloe gel. Description of the inner central part of the aloe foliage may sometimes be confusing, due to the different terms that are used interchangeably such as inner pulp, mucilage tissue, mucilaginous gel, glutinous jelly, inner gel and leaf parenchyma tissue. Technically, the term 'pulp' or 'parenchyma tissue' refers to the intact fleshy inner role of the leaf including the prison cell walls and organelles, while 'gel' or 'glue' refers to the viscous clear liquid within the parenchyma cells [vii].
The iii structural components of the Aloe vera pulp are the jail cell walls, the degenerated organelles and the viscous liquid contained inside the cells. These three components of the inner leaf pulp have been shown to be distinctive from each other both in terms of morphology and sugar composition as shown in Effigy i [8]. The raw pulp of A. vera contains approximately 98.5% water, while the mucilage or gel consists of about 99.5% water [10]. The remaining 0.5 – one% solid fabric consists of a range of compounds including h2o-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, enzymes, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and organic acids [14]. It has been hypothesized that this heterogenous limerick of the Aloe vera pulp may contribute to the diverse pharmacological and therapeutic activities which have been observed for aloe gel products [4].
Schematic representation of A. vera foliage pulp structure and its components [eight].
Chemical composition
Many compounds with diverse structures take been isolated from both the central parenchyma tissue of A. vera leaves and the exudate arising from the cells adjacent to the vascular bundles. The bitter xanthous exudate contains ane,8 dihydroxyanthraquinone derivatives and their glycosides, which are mainly used for their cathartic furnishings [xv]. The aloe parenchyma tissue or pulp has been shown to contain proteins, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, inorganic compounds and small organic compounds in addition to the different carbohydrates. Some testify of chemotaxonomic variation in the polysaccharide composition of aloes exists [vii,16,17].
The large fluctuations in polysaccharide limerick of A. vera fillet as establish in the literature has been explained by the fact that the mannosyl residues are contained in a reserve polysaccharide with a significant seasonal influence, likewise as large variations between cultivars in terms of the quantities of mannose-containing polysaccharides within the parenchyma cells [eighteen]. The chemical constituents of A. vera leaves including the pulp and exudate are given in Tabular array 1.
Table 1
Summary of the chemical composition of A. vera leafage pulp and exudate [vii,9,17,18,19].
| Form | Compounds |
|---|---|
| Anthraquinones/anthrones | Aloe-emodin, aloetic-acid, anthranol, aloin A and B (or collectively known as barbaloin), isobarbaloin, emodin, ester of cinnamic acid |
| Carbohydrates | Pure mannan, acetylated mannan, acetylated glucomannan, glucogalactomannan, galactan, galactogalacturan, arabinogalactan, galactoglucoarabinomannan, pectic substance, xylan, cellulose |
| Chromones | 8-C-glucosyl-(2'-O-cinnamoyl)-7-O-methylaloediol A, 8-C-glucosyl-(Southward)-aloesol, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-(S)-aloesol, viii-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-aloediol, eight-C-glucosyl-noreugenin, isoaloeresin D, isorabaichromone, neoaloesin A |
| Enzymes | Alkaline phosphatase, amylase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cyclooxidase, cyclooxygenase, lipase, oxidase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, superoxide dismutase |
| Inorganic compounds | Calcium, chlorine, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, phosphorous, sodium, zinc |
| Miscellaneous including organic compounds and lipids | Arachidonic acid, γ-linolenic acid, steroids (campestrol, cholesterol, β-sitosterol), triglicerides, triterpenoid, gibberillin, lignins, potassium sorbate, salicylic acid, uric acid |
| Non-essential and essential amino acids | Alanine, arginine, aspartic acrid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tyrosine, valine |
| Proteins | Lectins, lectin-similar substance |
| Saccharides | Mannose, glucose, L-rhamnose, aldopentose |
| Vitamins | B1, B2, B6, C, β-carotene, choline, folic acrid, α-tocopherol |
Polysaccharide limerick
Polysaccharides brand up most of the dry out matter of the A. vera parenchyma. A storage polysaccharide, acetylated glucomannan, is located within the protoplast of the parenchyma cells and a diverseness of polysaccharides are present in the jail cell wall matrix. An overall carbohydrate analysis of the alcohol insoluble residues showed that the jail cell walls in the fillet of the aloe foliage hold mainly mannose-containing polysaccharides, cellulose and pectic polysaccharides whereas the pare of the leaf contains in addition significant quantities of xylose-containing polysaccharides [eighteen,20].
Many investigators have identified partially acetylated mannan (or acemannan) as the principal polysaccharide of the gel, while others constitute pectic substance as the primary polysaccharide. Every bit mentioned earlier, this discrepancy in polysaccharide composition was initially explained by differences in geographical locations of the plants and seasonal changes but later it was found that extraction and processing of the parenchyma tissue are also very important variables that contribute to the differences in the results. Other polysaccharides such equally arabinan, arabinorhamnogalactan, galactan, galactogalacturan, glucogalactomannan, galactoglucoarabinomannan and glucuronic acid-containing polysaccharides take been isolated from the Aloe vera inner foliage gel role [eight,nineteen].
Mannan
In general, mannans play a structural office in plants past acting every bit hemicelluloses that bind cellulose. They besides fulfil a storage function as non-starch saccharide reserves in seeds and vegetative tissues. In addition, evidence was constitute that it may act as a signalling molecule in plant growth and development. Linear mannans are homopolysaccharides that are equanimous of linear chains of β-(ane→4)-d-mannopyranosyl residues with less than 5% galactose [21].
Although different results on the composition of polysaccharides in aloe lurid have been described in the literature, the consensus amid almost authors is that acetylated glucomannan molecules are mainly responsible for the thick, mucilage like backdrop of the raw aloe gel. Acemannan constitute in A. vera gel is too known every bit carrysin and has a courage of β-(1→4)-d-mannosyl residues acetylated at the C-ii and C-3 positions that exhibit a mannose monomer:acetyl ratio of approximately 1:1 and contains some side chains of mainly galactose attached to C-half-dozen. The molecular weights of these polysaccharides range from 30-40 kDa or greater and is usually as high as one thousand kDa in fresh aloe leaf material [18,21,22]. The repeating units of glucose and mannose exist in a ratio of 1:iii, just other ratios of 1:6, one:15 and i:22 have likewise been reported. These discrepancies in glucose to mannose ratios accept been explained by differences betwixt species as well as due to sample processing and treatment [ten,14].
In a report where the linkages between monomers in acemannan were analysed, the acemannan was treated with the enzyme endo-β-d-mannanase and the C-four and C-6 resonances of the fractions were scrutinised using C13-NMR. This analysis demonstrated that acemannan contains a single-chain backbone of β-(ane→four) mannose with β-(1→4) glucose inserted into the backbone and α-(1→half-dozen) galactose branching from the backbone, as illustrated in Figure 2 [4].
Chemical construction of acemannan [4].
The β-(one→iv)-glycosidic bail configuration of acemannan is an important consideration in terms of the therapeutic effects of A. vera gel, since humans lack the ability to enzymatically pause downwards these bonds [fourteen].The acemannan found in aloe is structurally unique that makes it a feature chemical compound of aloe species among other well known plant mannans (which take distinct side-chains or are unacetylated and insoluble) [3].
Plant galactomannans are fabricated up of β-(1→4)-d-mannopyranosyl residues containing side chains of single α-(1→vi)-d-galactopyranosyl groups. Truthful galactomannans are represented by those mannans that contain more than 5% by weight of d-galactose residues. The physiological part of establish galactomannans is to retain water by solvation, especially to prevent complete drying of seeds in regions with high temperatures. Glucomannans are polysaccharides that incorporate chains of randomly bundled β-(i→iv)-d-manose and β-(1→4)-d-glucose residues in a ratio of three:1. The courage of galactoglucomannans consists of β-(1→4)-d-mannopyranosyl and β-(1→iv)-d-glucopyranosyl residues with a α-(1→half-dozen)-d-galactopyranosyl and O-acetyl groups [21].
Maloyl glucans
Three malic acrid acylated carbohydrates were isolated from A. vera gel and characterised equally 6-O-(1-l-maloyl)-α -, β-d-Glcp (termed veracylglucan A), α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-six-O-(one-l-maloyl)-α-,β-d-Glcp (termed veracylglucan B) and α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-tetra-[half-dozen-O-(ane-l-maloyl)-α-d-Glcp-(ane→four)]-half dozen-O-(1-l-maloyl)-α-,β-d-Glcp (termed veracylglucan C).
Veracylglucan A (C10H16O10), with a molecular weight of 296 Da was just detected in very small quantities in the A. vera gel and was very unstable with hydrolysis of the ester group [six-O-(ane-l-maloyl)-Glcp-] that occurred later on only one week at a temperature of 7 °C. Veracylglucan B (C16H26Ofifteen) has a molecular weight of 458 Da and pH of three.eight, while veracylglucan C (C56H82O51) has a molecular weight of 1570 Da and a pH of iv.vii [23]. The chemical construction of the three different veracylglucans are shown in Effigy 3.
Chemical structures of veracylglucan A (1), veracylglucan B (ii), veracylglucan C (iii) and malic acid (4) [23].
Pectic substance
Pectic substance is a term that refers to a group of closely related polysaccharides including pectin, pectic acid and arabinogalactan. Pectin is a polysaccharide consisting of α-(1→4) linked polygalacturonic acrid with intra-chain rhamnose insertion, neutral sugar side-bondage and methyl esterification [3].
Arabinan and arabinogalactan
Arabinogalactan contains mainly arabinose and galactose, but also other sugars including glucuronic acid and/or galacturonic acid. Certain arabinans and arabinogalactans sometimes form the neutral side chains of pectins. Arabinogalactan is present in a much lower concentration in aloe gel compared to acemannan [3].
Other polysaccharides
Aloeride is a polysaccharide that comprises only 0.015% of the crude A. vera juice material (dry weight). Information technology has a molecular weight betwixt 4 and seven 1000000 Da with its glycosyl components containing glucose (37.2%), galactose (23.9%), mannose (19.five%) and arabinose (ten.3%). Polyuronide has a molecular weight between 275 and 374 kDa, while that of aloeferon is 70 kDa. Another biologically active polysaccharide with a molecular weight between 420 and 520 kDa was isolated from aloe gel that comprises equal amounts of glucose and mannose [24].
Result of Aloe vera gel on biological membrane permeation
Intestinal drug absorption enhancement
The effect of A. vera gel and whole leaf excerpt on the oral bioavailability of vitamins C and Due east was investigated in humans in a randomised, double-blind, cantankerous-over clinical trial. Both the gel and whole leaf extract decreased the rate of vitamin C absorption, but the overall bioavailability (area-under-bend) of vitamin C was 3 times college when administered with the aloe gel as compared to the command and the gel kept the level of this vitamin significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than the baseline even afterward 24 hours. The bioavailability of vitamin C administered in conjunction with the whole leaf extract was only 80 % compared to the control and the level returned to baseline after 24 hours. For vitamin E, the bioavailability was iii.7 times higher when administered with aloe gel and 2 times higher with the aloe whole leafage extract. The mechanism of action of the aloe products to improve the bioavailability of the vitamins was explained to be a possible protection effect against the degradation of the vitamins in the intestinal tract as well as binding of the polysaccharides to the vitamins and thereby slowing downwardly the absorption rate [12].
It is well known that polysaccharides of natural origin such every bit chitosan are capable of enhancing the intestinal absorption of co-administered drugs by ways of a transient opening of the tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells to allow for paracellular transport across the abdominal epithelium [25,26]. In a contempo in vitro study it was shown that both A. vera gel and whole foliage extract could decrease the transepithelial electric resistance of abdominal epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-two), thereby indicating opening of the tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells. The A. vera gel and whole leaf extract were likewise able to significantly increment the send of the macromolecular peptide drug, insulin, across the Caco-2 prison cell monolayers. The cumulative send of insulin in the absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of A. vera gel at pH seven.4 is depicted in Figure 4 [27,28].
The effect of A. vera gel on the send of insulin across Caco-ii prison cell monolayers at pH 7.4 [28].
Many potential therapeutic agents face the disadvantage of low bioavailability after oral administration due to poor membrane permeability [29]. Drug absorption enhancers are compounds capable of reversibly removing the resistance of the outer layers in the body with minimum tissue impairment, thus allowing the drug to enter the blood circulation in sufficient quantities [30]. Although many compounds have been investigated for their drug absorption enhancing properties, some have been associated with cytotoxic effects and others were not efficient enough to ensure that therapeutic levels of poorly absorbable drugs are achieved [31]. But express information is currently bachelor on the drug absorption enhancement activities of A. vera gel, but if it proves to be a rubber and constructive absorption enhancer in vivo, it could exist used in novel dosage forms for the oral delivery of poorly absorbable drugs that are administered by means of injections.
Skin penetration enhancement
Although there is a loftier involvement in transdermal drug delivery, the poor penetration of drugs into the skin and low permeation beyond the skin severely hamper the use of this route of drug administration. Techniques for improving the transdermal commitment of drugs are based on the apply of chemic penetration enhancers, novel vehicle systems and concrete enhancement strategies such as iontophoresis, sonophoresis, ultrasound, microneedles, velocity based techniques and electroporation [32,33,34,35].
A. vera gel increased the in vitro pare penetration of compounds depending on their molecular weights, with an apparent inverse correlation betwixt enhancement ratio and molecular weight of the chemical compound. This penetration enhancement issue of the aloe gel was explained by a probable pull upshot of complexes formed between the compound and the enhancing agent within the aloe gel, but information technology was stated that the proposed machinery of action has to be further investigated and confirmed. Some constituents of the A. vera gel itself also penetrated the skin and this was interestingly dependent on the molecular weight of the co-practical compounds. The college the molecular weight of the co-applied chemical compound, the less of the gel components were transported across the skin. This was explained past the probable displacement of A. vera components from the penetration pathways and thereby information technology inhibits permeation of the gel components more effectively than the smaller compounds [36]. Like to the discussion for intestinal drug absorption enhancement, A. vera gel could potentially exist used every bit a penetration enhancement amanuensis for the transdermal commitment of drugs if proven to be effective and rubber.
Aloe vera leafage gel every bit an excipient in modified release dosage forms
Gums and mucilages from natural origin that contain complex polysaccharides have found a wide range of pharmaceutical applications such equally functional excipients in dosage forms, which include binders, disintegrants, emulsifiers, suspending agents, gelling agents and sustaining agents in modified release tablets. Furthermore, some natural gums and mucilages have been reported to modify the release of drugs from modified release dosage forms such as matrix blazon tablets [37].
Dried A. vera leaf gel (acetone precipitated component of the lurid) was directly compressed in different ratios with a model drug to class matrix type tablets, including ratios of i:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5; and 1:two. These matrix systems showed good swelling backdrop that increased with an increase of aloe gel concentration in the conception. The straight compressed matrix blazon tablets also showed modified release behaviour with 35.45% and 30.lxx% of the dose released during the first hour and the remaining of the dose was released over a half-dozen hour menses for those formulations containing the lower ratios of gel to drug, namely one:0.5 and ane:1. The conception that contained the highest ratio of gel to drug, namely 1:2 exhibited only a 23.25% drug release during the first hr with the remaining of the dose existence released over an viii hr period. The dried A. vera gel polysaccharide component therefore showed excellent potential to exist used equally an excipient in the conception of directly compressible sustained-release matrix type tablets [xiii].
Biological activities of Aloe vera leaf gel
Information technology has been claimed that the polysaccharides in A. vera gel have therapeutic properties such equally immunostimulation, anti-inflammatory furnishings, wound healing, promotion of radiation damage repair, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic and anti-neoplastic activities, stimulation of hematopoiesis and anti-oxidant furnishings [4,7,38].
On the other hand, in that location are a number of clinical reports that accept found A. vera gel not constructive in terms of the above mentioned therapeutic activities or even to cause undesirable effects such as retardation of wound healing. As mentioned before, these conflicting results could exist due to the use of plants from unlike locations with variations in their chemical composition and also because of different isolation techniques that were used to extract compounds from the aloe leaf lurid.
The importance of why the specific compounds that were isolated from a plant then tested in a particular bioassay should exist known tin can exist demonstrated by the potential antagonistic and competitive activities between constituents. When the two maloyl glucans, namely veracylglucan B and C, were each individually evaluated for biological activities information technology was found that veracylglucan B demonstrated high anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation effects, while veracylglucan C exhibited significant prison cell proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, if A. vera gel is tested in a wound healing experiment and it contains loftier amounts of veracylglucan B and is mayhap likewise contaminated with anthraquinones from the exudate, it will most probably event in retardation of wound healing. If the gel is obtained from a plant with college concentrations of veracylglucan C, it would probably end in positive wound healing results [23].
Furthermore, the polysaccharides plant in aloe gel are non stable, especially nether stress conditions such equally heat, the presence of acid and enzymatic activities. It has been suggested that a standardised method is necessary for production of aloe gel products to avert degradation of the polysaccharides and thereby preventing the removal of high molecular weight molecules. This standardised and consistent product procedure is vital for preserving the natural biological activeness of the aloe gel [39].
Some of the biological activities of A. vera gel volition only be briefly described in this review as it has been comprehensively discussed elsewhere [xix,22,38].
Anti-diabetic effects
Several pre-clinical (in animals) and clinical (in humans) trials showed a blood glucose lowering event for A. vera gel preparations in different forms (due east.yard. juice or as constituents in bread etc.), while other studies indicated that no alter in glucose levels could be obtained. The differences in results of these in vivo studies tin can possibly be explained past differences in the way that the aloe mucilaginous gel was isolated and separated from the exudate anthraquinones. Furthermore, it is not ever articulate what constituent of the aloe leaf was tested in some studies, which makes it hard to correlate the effect (or lack of effect) with the product tested [17,38].
In a study on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, oral administration of A. vera gel (booze insoluble balance extract) significantly reduced the fasting claret glucose, hepatic transaminases, plasma and tissue cholesterol, triglicerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids and in addition also significantly increased plasma insulin levels. The decreased plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the streptozotocin-induced rats were restored to normal after treatment with gel extract [twoscore].
From the findings of another report on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, it was suggested that the machinery of activeness of A. vera extracts to reduce blood glucose levels is by enhancing glucose metabolism. It was further proposed that the glucose lowering effect could exist explained past an anti-oxidant mechanism considering it attenuated oxidative damage in the brains of streptozotocin-induced mice and reduced peroxidation levels in the kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [14].
Immunomodulatory furnishings
A number of studies indicated immunomodulating activities of the polysaccharides in A. vera gel, and suggested that these effects occur via activation of macrophage cells to generate nitric oxide, secrete cytokines (e.one thousand. tumour necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-α, interleukin-one or IL-1, interleukin-6 or IL-half dozen and interferon-γ or INF-γ) and present prison cell surface markers [41,42,43]. Some allowed reactions that seem to be specific for acemannan as compared to other polysaccharides include stimulation of the antigenic response of homo lymphocytes besides as the formation of all types of leucocytes from both spleen and bone marrow in irradiated mice. However, some other immunomodulation effects were shown to exist linked to glycoproteins, namely lectins, found in aloe gel [38].
In a study on the immunomodulatory backdrop of A. vera, information technology was shown that relatively loftier concentrations of acemannan are required to achieve small activation of macrophages compared to crude A. vera juice, which suggested that there is another component in the juice responsible for the macrophage activation. Further investigation revealed that although it is present merely in small amounts, its potency in terms of macrophage stimulation accounted fully for the action obtained for the crude A. vera juice [24].
It was found that aloe gel can prevent suppression of local and systemic immunity to haptens and delayed blazon hypersensitivity responses to Candida albicans and alloantigen when applied after UV exposure. The mechanism of this immune protection effect by the polysaccharides in the gel differs from those described for anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatories and Deoxyribonucleic acid-repair enzymes. Although anti-inflammatory agents have been identified in A. vera, the polysaccharides failed to reduce UV-induced edema and inflammation equally well every bit to accelerate excision and repair of UV-induced cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimmers. In addition, anti-oxidants must be present in the skin before UV-irradiation to exist effective while aloe polysaccharides are effective fifty-fifty when applied up to 24 h post UV exposure. The immune protection action therefore occurs at a step downstream from Dna impairment and repair, maybe by modulating Deoxyribonucleic acid-damage-activated signal transduction pathways. The mechanism of activity of the polysaccharides was therefore explained by their effects on antigen presenting cells and the cytokine cascade [44].
Anti-inflammatory furnishings
Inflammation is a reaction by the trunk due to injury and is characterised past swelling, pain, redness, heat and loss of role. This natural response can delay healing, but it may also be detrimental to suppress inflammation before its purpose is accomplished. The anti-inflammatory activity of mannose-6-phosphate is believed to resemble the effects observed for acetylated mannan in aloe gel. Aloe gel reduces inflammation that is induced by agents via promotion of prostaglandin synthesis also as increased infiltration of leucocytes, but is less effective against inflammation caused by agents that produce allergic reactions [38].
The effects of aqueous, chloroform and ethanol extracts of A. vera gel were investigated on oedema in the rat mitt besides as neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan. Both the aqueous and chloroform extracts were found to inhibit the oedema formation close to that of well established anti-inflammatory agents (i.e. indomethacin and dexamethasone). Furthermore, the anti-oedema effects of these two extracts correlated well with their abilities to subtract the number of neutrophils migrating into the peritoneal cavity. The ethanol extract did non evidence an issue on the oedema, but reduced the number of migrating neutrophils. Further experimentation on the mechanism of activeness suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts of A. vera gel probably occurs via an inhibitory action on the arachidonic acid pathway through cyclooxygenase [fifteen].
A report on Helicobacter pylori-infected rats showed that handling with A. vera significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion and tumour necrosis cistron α (TNF-α)levels. The results therefore suggest that A. vera show potential in the treatment of the inflammatory response of the gastric mucosa due to H. pylori infection [45].
Anti-oxidant effects
It has been reported by several authors that different fractions of A. vera besides as unfractionated whole gel have anti-oxidant effects. Glutathione peroxidise action, superoxide dismutase enzymes and a phenolic anti-oxidant were found to exist present in A. vera gel, which may exist responsible for these anti-oxidant effects. It was shown in two cell-gratis in vitro systems and by incubation with inflamed colorectal mucosal biopsies that A. vera gel has a dose-dependent anti-oxidant effect. The cell-free techniques used in this study assessed the scavenging of both superoxide and peroxyl radicals. The A. vera gel in a concentration of one in 50 also inhibited prostaglandin Eii production from inflamed colorectal biopsies, but had no effect on thromboxane B2 release [46].
Wound healing effects
Wound healing is a response to injured tissue that results in the restoration of tissue integrity. It was shown that aloe gel could improve wound healing after topical and systemic administration in several studies, while others claimed no effect or fifty-fifty a delay in wound healing. Alien results may be explained by stability of the agile ingredients equally it was shown that the time of handling later on harvesting was an important cistron that determined activeness. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the wound healing effects of aloe gel, which include keeping the wound moist, increase epithelial cell migration, more than rapid maturation of collagen and reduction in inflammation [38].
A 5.5 kDa glycoprotein that was isolated from A. vera showed an increase in prison cell migration and accelerated wound healing in a homo keratinocyte monolayer. In a raft culture it exhibited stimulation of epidermal tissue formation as well as marked expression of proliferation markers on the immunohistochemical level. The enhanced wound healing event and cell proliferation of this glycoprotein fraction was confirmed in hairless mice [47].
Anti-cancer effects
The two fractions from aloes that are claimed to have anti-cancer effects include glycoproteins (lectins) and polysaccharides [38]. The anti-neoplasm activeness of polysaccharides isolated from A. vera and specifically acemannan has been investigated in many in vitro models as well every bit in unlike brute species. Unlike studies indicated anti-tumour activity for A. vera gel in terms of reduced tumour brunt, tumour shrinkage, tumour necrosis and prolonged survival rates. In add-on to these effects, A. vera gel has likewise shown chemopreventative and anti-genotoxic effects on benzo[α]pyrene-Deoxyribonucleic acid adducts [14]. Ane mechanism of action that was proposed for these anti-cancer effects of aloe polysaccharides is stimulation of the allowed response [22].
Effect on gastric acid secretion and ulcers
Information technology has been claimed that A. vera gel has the power to cure gastric ulcers or protect confronting its formation in both animals and humans. However, it was also shown that aloe gel could not prevent ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. The anti-ulcer activities of A. vera has been attributed to several possible mechanisms including its anti-inflammatory properties, healing effects, mucus stimulatory furnishings and regulation of gastric secretions [48].
The upshot of ethanol-water extract of A. vera on gastric acid secretion and hydrochloric acrid induced gastric mucosa damage was investigated in rats. The A. vera extract exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of gastric acid secretions, which was explained by directly interaction with the acid producing cells or possible interaction with H2-receptors on the parietal cells. Gastroprotective activeness was merely observed at the lowest dose tested. Information technology was suggested that the A. vera extract possesses cytoprotection activity at this low concentration, therefore protection against mucosal injury by means of a mechanism different from gastric acid inhibition and neutralisation. Several hypotheses have been given for the mechanism of cytoprotection, namely increased mucus synthesis, increased mucosal blood flow and increased phospholipid content of the mucosal coating [49].
Pare hydration effects
In a study where the moisturising effects of cosmetic formulations containing unlike concentrations of lyophilised A. vera gel were studied, showed that but formulations with higher concentrations (0.25 % w/w and 0.5 % w/w) increased the water content of the stratum corneum later a single application. When the formulations were applied twice daily for a period of 2 weeks, all the formulations (containing concentrations of 0.ane % w/w, 0.25 % w/westward and 0.5 % w/w of A. vera gel powder) had the same consequence. Withal, the transepidermal water loss was non changed by inclusion of the A. vera gel in the formulations compared to the vehicle used in the formulations. It was proposed that the A. vera gel containing products improved skin hydration maybe by means of a humectant machinery [fifty].
Hepatoprotective activities
An aqueous extract of stale aerial parts of A. vera significantly reduced hepatic harm induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice and reversed certain biochemical parameters. Histopathological studies confirmed the curative efficacy of the h2o extract of A. vera against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage as indicated by reversal of centrilobular necrosis, macro-vascular fatty changes and scattered lymphomononuclear jail cell infiltrate in hepatic parenchyma. Furthermore, an increase in bile flow and bile solids equally a result of handling with the extract suggests stimulation of the secretary activity of the liver cells. The hepatoprotective action was also attributed to preserving the metabolising enzymes of the liver through an antioxidant activity [51].
Antimicrobial activities
The activity of A. vera inner gel against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has been demonstrated past several different methods [6]. Anthraquinones isolated from the exudate of A. vera have shown wide antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activeness of emodin against Escherichia coli was proposed to be mediated through inhibition of solute transport in membranes. Many anthraquinones have shown antiviral and/or virucidal effects on enveloped viruses [52].
Conclusions
A. vera has a long history as a medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic applications. Although it was claimed that some of the biological activities of this plant tin be attributed to the polysaccharides establish in the leaf gel, it is a daunting task to link individual polysaccharides to specific therapeutic backdrop. Differences in plant composition due to geographic location likewise as differences in gel extraction methods and sample preparation techniques have contributed to discrepancies in the results obtained from many studies in terms of the chemical limerick and biological activities of A. vera leafage gel. Although some indications were found that a particular polysaccharide is effective when tested for a specific biological activity, information technology seems as if it is rather a combination of compounds that account for the health benefits of A. vera leafage gel. With technological developments in the field of analytical chemistry information technology has become easier to isolate and characterise the chemical components of the leaf gel and it is expected that more data in this regard will go available in the future at a faster rate. Interesting pharmaceutical applications such equally intestinal absorption enhancement activities and skin penetration improvement furnishings have recently been shown for A. vera gel. The dried gel has also showed potential as an excipient in modified release matrix blazon tablets. More than applications are discovered as research from different view points is conducted on this versatile plant to provide a better understanding of its composition and effects.
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